Top Ten New-to-Science Species for 2008
From a press release by the International Institute for Species Exploration at Arizona State University (美國亞利桑那州立大學國際物種勘測協會)– May 2009.
Each year the International Institute for Species Exploration assembles a diverse committee of taxonomists who review thousands of new species that were first described during the previous calendar year. They pick the top most interesting species to share with the public as part of their State of Observed Species Report. The photos below illustrate the “Top Ten New Species for 2008”.
協會裡的分類學家會從數以千計的新物種裡面挑出一些有趣的物種分享給大眾，來看看2008的Top Ten吧!
1.Smallest Known Seahorse – Satomi's Pygmy Seahorse 紀錄中最小的海馬
One of the most interesting new species from the State of Observed Species Report is this miniature seahorse - Satomi's Pygmy Seahorse – with a biological name of Hippocampus satomiae. It is only about 0.54 inch in total length. When swimming and with its tail curved it is only about 0.45 inch high!
這種微型海馬總長度是0.54英吋，但游泳時身體加尾巴只有0.45英吋!
This tiny animal was discovered near Derawan Island off Kalimantan, Indonesia and first described scientifically in 2008. The name “satomiae” was given to recognize Miss Satomi Onishi, the diving guide who collected the type specimens.
Two side-by-side seahorse images credit Museum Victoria / Photo by Rudie Kuiter.
World's smallest seahorse photo by John Sear.
相關報導
真佩服發現的研究人員耶!這也太小了吧…不過很cute倒是真的~
2.Deep Blue Chromis – Fish from the Deep Reef Environment! 深海珊瑚礁發現的一種深藍色魚
Deep blue organisms are unusual and that is why this species was named after its color – Deep Blue Chromis. Its biological name is Chromis abyssus, combining its color with an honor to the documentary film, Pacific Abyss, produced by the British Broadcasting Corporation, who funded the expedition on which the type specimens were collected.
“Chromis”是深藍色的意思，深藍色對與生物體來說是不尋常的顏色。學名Chromis abyssus是來自於英國廣播公司(BBC)出資遠征該類型標本所拍攝的紀錄片” Pacific Abyss”。
This amazing fish is found in the deep reef environments off the coast of Ngemelis Island, Palau. There, it lives around outcroppings scattered with sand and coral rubble. Deep blue chromis is famous because it was the first organism registered in Zoobank, a new taxonomic database.
這驚人的魚發現於帛琉的Ngemelis Island，牠生活在砂岩石瀚珊瑚堆中，牠之所以著名是因為牠是屬於一個新的分類資料庫，而第一個被登記在Zoobank(動物物種名冊)裡的物種。
Deep Blue Chromis photo credit Bishop Museum / Richard Pyle.
Deep Blue Chromis photo credit Bishop Museum / John Earle.
好可愛喔~真的有深藍色的魚啊!世界上真的沒有不可能的事!
3.Naturally Decaffeinated Coffee – Charrier Coffee 天然無咖啡因的咖啡
A wild species of coffee found in the Bakossi Forest Reserve of Cameroon in Central Africa is the first species known to produce beans that are caffeine-free. Known as Charrier Coffee (Coffea charrieriana), it is named in honor of Professor A. Charrier, a famous coffee researcher.
這野生的咖啡樹發現於非洲中部的喀麥隆，是第一個被紀錄會生產出沒有咖啡因咖啡豆的物種。
Naturally decaffeinated coffee beans could become enormously popular. The current processes used for decaffeination use chemicals that many people would like to avoid. Breeding programs could bring naturally decaffeinated coffee beans to market within the next few years.
沒有咖啡因的咖啡應該會大受歡迎，因為大家都想避免這個化學物質，往後幾年市場上應該就會有越來越多這類產品囉!
Coffee plant photo credit University of Montpellier II / François Anthony
Coffee plant credit University of Montpellier II / François Anthony
Coffee specimen photo credit National Botanic Garden of Belgium / Piet Stoffelen.
真期待這個產品耶~話說最近喝太多咖啡了@@"
4.World’s Longest Insect: A Walking Stick From Borneo 世界最長的昆蟲-婆羅洲的竹節蟲
The world’s longest insect has been discovered in the jungles of Borneo, Malaysia. The walking stick-like insect has a body length of 14 inches and a total length of over 22 inches.
這在馬來西亞婆羅洲叢林中發現的竹節蟲，體長有14英吋(約35.56公分)，總長度超過22英吋(約56公分)!!!
The insect is a Phasmatid and has been given a biological name of Phobaeticus chani in honor of C. L. Chan. It is amazing that an insect this large could avoid discovery, however, it looks just like a stick and would be difficult to spot on vegetation - even if you look right at it!
令人驚奇的是這麼大的生物竟然能夠不被發現，他看起來就像枝棍子，即使你看著他也不見得會發現!
Photo credit Phasmid Study Group / Phil Bragg
Photo credit Phasmid Study Group / Phil Bragg.
天啊~真是有夠大隻…
5.World’s Smallest Snake - Barbados Threadsnake 世界上最小的蛇
It is easy to understand where the Barbados Threadsnake got its name. This tiny snake is just four inches long and is believed to be the world’s smallest snake. Its biological name is Leptotyphlops carlae.
這種小蛇只有4英吋，被認為是世界上最小的蛇。
In the photograph you can see its small size in comparison to a quarter dollar coin. The snake was discovered under a rock in St. Joseph Parish on the island of Barbados by S. Blair Hedges and Carla Ann Hass. The species name “carlae” is dedicated to Carla Ann Hass.
牠是在巴貝多的一個島上發現的，約一個25美元硬幣大小
World's smallest snake was discovered in Barbados. Photo copyright S. Blair Hedges, Penn State University.
這比較像蚯蚓耶...原來也是蛇
6.World’s Oldest Live-Bearing Vertebrate – Devonian Mother Fish世界上最老的胎生脊椎動物
This new to science species is a fossil from the Devonian Period. Materpiscis attenboroughi – also referred to as the “Mother Fish” - is the oldest-known vertebrate to bear its offspring live, rather than laying eggs.
The type locality for the Mother Fish is Gogo Station, near Fitzroy Crossing, Western Australia. The name “Materpiscis” means “mother fish” and the "attenboroughi" portion of the name is in honor of Sir David Attenborough who drew public attention to the Gogo Station area in the 1979 series Life on Earth.
相關資料：
1. 艾登堡魚母（Materpiscis attenboroughi）是一種的盾皮魚，在西澳泥盆紀晚期（約3億8000萬年前）的地層發現。牠只有一個標本，當中有未出生的胚胎，且有明顯的胎盆結構。艾登堡魚母是最古老的胎生脊椎動物。艾登堡魚母於2005年在西澳洲州發現。這個化石被保存在石灰岩中，故是以乙酸來溶解化石周邊的石灰岩。艾登堡魚母的尾巴切面發現了部份骨化了的幼體及已礦物化的臍帶。[2]牠被命名為艾登堡魚母，是為紀念大衛·艾登堡（David Attenborough），他是第一位於1979年就在其電視節目中留意這個化石的發現位點。艾登堡魚母約有25-30厘米長，有強壯的牙齒可以磨碎獵物，牠可能是吃有硬殼的無脊椎動物，如蚶或珊瑚。褶齒魚目是唯一兩性異形的盾皮魚，雄性有抱住雌性的器官，雌性則有平滑的臀鰭座。學者一直以為牠們是體內受精的，但艾登堡魚母及Austroptyctodus的發現則證明了這可能是錯誤的。
2.澳大利亞研究人員檢視在西澳發現的三億八千萬年前的魚類化石之後，提出脊椎動物的交配比原先認為的還要古老和平常，此新發現發表在《自然(Nature)》期刊上。這些化石顯示不只一種的古代魚類具有和骨盆交接腳 (pelvic claspers) 相關的結構，類似於現代鯊魚的性器官。維多利亞博物館 John Long 說這發現讓我們將體內受精的演化起源向前推到至少四億兩千萬年前。Long 博士和在西澳大學和倫敦自然歷史博物館的同事研究盾皮魚類 (placoderm)，一種常被稱為海洋恐龍的絕種魚。此種在頭部和身體有甲骨片的魚類是三億五千萬到四億兩千萬年前的主要脊椎動物群，牠們的尾腳有骨頭覆蓋且成鉤型，目前研究人員不清楚公魚如何讓母魚受精，不過確定牠們進行體內受精。研究人員去年所發現世界上最古老的母魚 (Materpiscis attenboroughi)，帶有胚胎和臍帶，是一種三億七千五百萬年前的盾皮魚類。西澳大學的 Kate Trinajstic 談到發現化石的地點是一個對食物高度競爭的環境，幼魚較可能在這種環境下生存。兩物種的盾皮魚類，Incisoscutum 和Austrophyllolepis 目前皆在墨爾本博物館進行展示。
Mother fish image credit Museum Victoria / John A. Long.
Mother fish image credit Museum Victoria / John A. Long.
7.The Snail With Four Coiling Axes – A World Record! 擁有4個旋軸的蝸牛
Most gastropods, more popularly known as “snails,” are tightly coiled around a single axis. A few coil around two or three axes, however, the newly described for science specimen of Opisthostoma vermiculum is loosely coiled around four axes – a world record for gastropods.
腹足綱動物，就像大多人知道的蝸牛，他們會捲繞在單一個軸心上。有少數會有二到三個軸心，但最新發現的是擁有四個旋軸的蝸牛!他成為了一個世界紀錄唷!
This species is thought to be limited to a single area of limestone karst in Gunung Rapat, Perak, Malaysia. The coiling strategy of Opisthostoma vermiculum is consistent from individual to individual and scientists believe that this indicates that the coiling is genetically controlled.
這個物種只侷限在馬來西亞霹靂的怡保地區，每一個個體都是這樣的發展策略，科學家認為這是基因控制的關係
Snail with four coiling axes. Photo credit World Wildlife Fund for Nature-Malaysia / Reuben Clements.
我比較想看到實際的樣子耶...好好奇喔~
延伸閱讀：蝸牛簡介
8.The Ghost Slug – New Species from a Highly Populated Area 幽靈蛞蝓
The ghost slug is a bright white slug. It was named the “ghost slug” because of its white color, nocturnal behavior and mysterious appearance. One of the most amazing things about the ghost slug is that it is a new-to-science species that was discovered in a domestic garden in a heavily populated and heavily collected area – Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales, UK.
之所以叫幽靈蛞蝓是因為他是白色的，而且是夜行性動物。令人驚奇的是他是在人口稠密地區的住家庭院內發現的新物種!
The ghost slug demonstrates that you don’t have to travel a thousand miles to discover new species – they might be unnoticed in your own backyard. The ghost slug’s biological name is Selenochlamys ysbryda. The pictures show the slug’s brilliant white color and its tiny grazing teeth.
這表示你不用旅行到很遠的地方才能看到這些小東西，他們可能就在你家後院。他們有很細小用來吃草的牙齒
Ghost slug teeth photo by National Museum Wales / Ben Rowson
Ghost slug photo credit National Museum Wales / Ben Rowson
真可愛~不過牠吃草的牙齒有點噁心
9.Tahina Palm – The Palm that Flowers itself to Death 會自殺的棕櫚樹
On the island of Madagascar researchers have discovered a new species of palm. The Tahina Palm in the last year of its life produces a very tall terminal inflorescence that yields a very large number of flowers. After producing fruit the palm dies and collapses.
在馬達加斯加島上發現一種新的棕櫚樹，他們在生命中的最後一年會產生極致的花序及非常大量的花，在結完果實之後就死亡並崩解。
Soon after it was announced as a newly discovered species large numbers of seeds were distributed throughout the palm grower community. It is becoming a highly prized ornamental. The new genus is unrelated to nearly 200 other palms that grow on Madagascar but is related to three genera, one each in Afghanistan, Thailand and Vietnam.
在公布這個新種後發現，它大量的種子散佈在任何有棕櫚生長的聚落。它成為一個非常珍貴的觀賞植物。這個新物種跟馬達加斯加其他200多種棕櫚沒有任何親緣關係，但它只跟三個屬有關係，其中一種是分布在阿富汗，泰國和越南。
Tahina palm photo credit Kew Gardens / John Dransfield.
Tahina palm photo credit Kew Gardens / John Dransfield.
Tahina palm photo credit Kew Gardens / John Dransfield.
10.Bacteria in Hairspray Discovered by Japanese Scientists 日本科學家發現髮膠裡有住細菌
Who would have thought that hairspray can be contaminated with microbacteria? Japanese scientists have discovered a new species of bacteria that can survive in hairspray. It has been named Microbacterium hatanonis in honor of Dr. Kazunori Hatano, a prominent researcher in the field of microbacteria.
誰會想到髮膠會被微生物污染?日本科學發現一種細菌可以存活在髮型噴霧中。
Photo credit Arizona State University / Erik Holsinger
世界上還有很多有趣的東西沒有被發現吧?!
呵呵
原圖文
Two side-by-side seahorse images credit Museum Victoria / Photo by Rudie Kuiter.
World's smallest seahorse photo by John Sear.
相關報導
真佩服發現的研究人員耶!這也太小了吧…不過很cute倒是真的~
2.Deep Blue Chromis – Fish from the Deep Reef Environment! 深海珊瑚礁發現的一種深藍色魚
Deep blue organisms are unusual and that is why this species was named after its color – Deep Blue Chromis. Its biological name is Chromis abyssus, combining its color with an honor to the documentary film, Pacific Abyss, produced by the British Broadcasting Corporation, who funded the expedition on which the type specimens were collected.
“Chromis”是深藍色的意思，深藍色對與生物體來說是不尋常的顏色。學名Chromis abyssus是來自於英國廣播公司(BBC)出資遠征該類型標本所拍攝的紀錄片” Pacific Abyss”。
This amazing fish is found in the deep reef environments off the coast of Ngemelis Island, Palau. There, it lives around outcroppings scattered with sand and coral rubble. Deep blue chromis is famous because it was the first organism registered in Zoobank, a new taxonomic database.
這驚人的魚發現於帛琉的Ngemelis Island，牠生活在砂岩石瀚珊瑚堆中，牠之所以著名是因為牠是屬於一個新的分類資料庫，而第一個被登記在Zoobank(動物物種名冊)裡的物種。
Deep Blue Chromis photo credit Bishop Museum / Richard Pyle.
Deep Blue Chromis photo credit Bishop Museum / John Earle.
好可愛喔~真的有深藍色的魚啊!世界上真的沒有不可能的事!
3.Naturally Decaffeinated Coffee – Charrier Coffee 天然無咖啡因的咖啡
A wild species of coffee found in the Bakossi Forest Reserve of Cameroon in Central Africa is the first species known to produce beans that are caffeine-free. Known as Charrier Coffee (Coffea charrieriana), it is named in honor of Professor A. Charrier, a famous coffee researcher.
這野生的咖啡樹發現於非洲中部的喀麥隆，是第一個被紀錄會生產出沒有咖啡因咖啡豆的物種。
Naturally decaffeinated coffee beans could become enormously popular. The current processes used for decaffeination use chemicals that many people would like to avoid. Breeding programs could bring naturally decaffeinated coffee beans to market within the next few years.
沒有咖啡因的咖啡應該會大受歡迎，因為大家都想避免這個化學物質，往後幾年市場上應該就會有越來越多這類產品囉!
Coffee plant photo credit University of Montpellier II / François Anthony
Coffee plant credit University of Montpellier II / François Anthony
Coffee specimen photo credit National Botanic Garden of Belgium / Piet Stoffelen.
真期待這個產品耶~話說最近喝太多咖啡了@@"
4.World’s Longest Insect: A Walking Stick From Borneo 世界最長的昆蟲-婆羅洲的竹節蟲
The world’s longest insect has been discovered in the jungles of Borneo, Malaysia. The walking stick-like insect has a body length of 14 inches and a total length of over 22 inches.
這在馬來西亞婆羅洲叢林中發現的竹節蟲，體長有14英吋(約35.56公分)，總長度超過22英吋(約56公分)!!!
The insect is a Phasmatid and has been given a biological name of Phobaeticus chani in honor of C. L. Chan. It is amazing that an insect this large could avoid discovery, however, it looks just like a stick and would be difficult to spot on vegetation - even if you look right at it!
令人驚奇的是這麼大的生物竟然能夠不被發現，他看起來就像枝棍子，即使你看著他也不見得會發現!
Photo credit Phasmid Study Group / Phil Bragg
Photo credit Phasmid Study Group / Phil Bragg.
天啊~真是有夠大隻…
5.World’s Smallest Snake - Barbados Threadsnake 世界上最小的蛇
It is easy to understand where the Barbados Threadsnake got its name. This tiny snake is just four inches long and is believed to be the world’s smallest snake. Its biological name is Leptotyphlops carlae.
這種小蛇只有4英吋，被認為是世界上最小的蛇。
In the photograph you can see its small size in comparison to a quarter dollar coin. The snake was discovered under a rock in St. Joseph Parish on the island of Barbados by S. Blair Hedges and Carla Ann Hass. The species name “carlae” is dedicated to Carla Ann Hass.
牠是在巴貝多的一個島上發現的，約一個25美元硬幣大小
World's smallest snake was discovered in Barbados. Photo copyright S. Blair Hedges, Penn State University.
這比較像蚯蚓耶...原來也是蛇
6.World’s Oldest Live-Bearing Vertebrate – Devonian Mother Fish世界上最老的胎生脊椎動物
This new to science species is a fossil from the Devonian Period. Materpiscis attenboroughi – also referred to as the “Mother Fish” - is the oldest-known vertebrate to bear its offspring live, rather than laying eggs.
The type locality for the Mother Fish is Gogo Station, near Fitzroy Crossing, Western Australia. The name “Materpiscis” means “mother fish” and the "attenboroughi" portion of the name is in honor of Sir David Attenborough who drew public attention to the Gogo Station area in the 1979 series Life on Earth.
相關資料：
1. 艾登堡魚母（Materpiscis attenboroughi）是一種的盾皮魚，在西澳泥盆紀晚期（約3億8000萬年前）的地層發現。牠只有一個標本，當中有未出生的胚胎，且有明顯的胎盆結構。艾登堡魚母是最古老的胎生脊椎動物。艾登堡魚母於2005年在西澳洲州發現。這個化石被保存在石灰岩中，故是以乙酸來溶解化石周邊的石灰岩。艾登堡魚母的尾巴切面發現了部份骨化了的幼體及已礦物化的臍帶。[2]牠被命名為艾登堡魚母，是為紀念大衛·艾登堡（David Attenborough），他是第一位於1979年就在其電視節目中留意這個化石的發現位點。艾登堡魚母約有25-30厘米長，有強壯的牙齒可以磨碎獵物，牠可能是吃有硬殼的無脊椎動物，如蚶或珊瑚。褶齒魚目是唯一兩性異形的盾皮魚，雄性有抱住雌性的器官，雌性則有平滑的臀鰭座。學者一直以為牠們是體內受精的，但艾登堡魚母及Austroptyctodus的發現則證明了這可能是錯誤的。
2.澳大利亞研究人員檢視在西澳發現的三億八千萬年前的魚類化石之後，提出脊椎動物的交配比原先認為的還要古老和平常，此新發現發表在《自然(Nature)》期刊上。這些化石顯示不只一種的古代魚類具有和骨盆交接腳 (pelvic claspers) 相關的結構，類似於現代鯊魚的性器官。維多利亞博物館 John Long 說這發現讓我們將體內受精的演化起源向前推到至少四億兩千萬年前。Long 博士和在西澳大學和倫敦自然歷史博物館的同事研究盾皮魚類 (placoderm)，一種常被稱為海洋恐龍的絕種魚。此種在頭部和身體有甲骨片的魚類是三億五千萬到四億兩千萬年前的主要脊椎動物群，牠們的尾腳有骨頭覆蓋且成鉤型，目前研究人員不清楚公魚如何讓母魚受精，不過確定牠們進行體內受精。研究人員去年所發現世界上最古老的母魚 (Materpiscis attenboroughi)，帶有胚胎和臍帶，是一種三億七千五百萬年前的盾皮魚類。西澳大學的 Kate Trinajstic 談到發現化石的地點是一個對食物高度競爭的環境，幼魚較可能在這種環境下生存。兩物種的盾皮魚類，Incisoscutum 和Austrophyllolepis 目前皆在墨爾本博物館進行展示。
Mother fish image credit Museum Victoria / John A. Long.
Mother fish image credit Museum Victoria / John A. Long.
7.The Snail With Four Coiling Axes – A World Record! 擁有4個旋軸的蝸牛
Most gastropods, more popularly known as “snails,” are tightly coiled around a single axis. A few coil around two or three axes, however, the newly described for science specimen of Opisthostoma vermiculum is loosely coiled around four axes – a world record for gastropods.
腹足綱動物，就像大多人知道的蝸牛，他們會捲繞在單一個軸心上。有少數會有二到三個軸心，但最新發現的是擁有四個旋軸的蝸牛!他成為了一個世界紀錄唷!
This species is thought to be limited to a single area of limestone karst in Gunung Rapat, Perak, Malaysia. The coiling strategy of Opisthostoma vermiculum is consistent from individual to individual and scientists believe that this indicates that the coiling is genetically controlled.
這個物種只侷限在馬來西亞霹靂的怡保地區，每一個個體都是這樣的發展策略，科學家認為這是基因控制的關係
Snail with four coiling axes. Photo credit World Wildlife Fund for Nature-Malaysia / Reuben Clements.
我比較想看到實際的樣子耶...好好奇喔~
延伸閱讀：蝸牛簡介
8.The Ghost Slug – New Species from a Highly Populated Area 幽靈蛞蝓
The ghost slug is a bright white slug. It was named the “ghost slug” because of its white color, nocturnal behavior and mysterious appearance. One of the most amazing things about the ghost slug is that it is a new-to-science species that was discovered in a domestic garden in a heavily populated and heavily collected area – Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales, UK.
之所以叫幽靈蛞蝓是因為他是白色的，而且是夜行性動物。令人驚奇的是他是在人口稠密地區的住家庭院內發現的新物種!
The ghost slug demonstrates that you don’t have to travel a thousand miles to discover new species – they might be unnoticed in your own backyard. The ghost slug’s biological name is Selenochlamys ysbryda. The pictures show the slug’s brilliant white color and its tiny grazing teeth.
這表示你不用旅行到很遠的地方才能看到這些小東西，他們可能就在你家後院。他們有很細小用來吃草的牙齒
Ghost slug teeth photo by National Museum Wales / Ben Rowson
Ghost slug photo credit National Museum Wales / Ben Rowson
真可愛~不過牠吃草的牙齒有點噁心
9.Tahina Palm – The Palm that Flowers itself to Death 會自殺的棕櫚樹
On the island of Madagascar researchers have discovered a new species of palm. The Tahina Palm in the last year of its life produces a very tall terminal inflorescence that yields a very large number of flowers. After producing fruit the palm dies and collapses.
在馬達加斯加島上發現一種新的棕櫚樹，他們在生命中的最後一年會產生極致的花序及非常大量的花，在結完果實之後就死亡並崩解。
Soon after it was announced as a newly discovered species large numbers of seeds were distributed throughout the palm grower community. It is becoming a highly prized ornamental. The new genus is unrelated to nearly 200 other palms that grow on Madagascar but is related to three genera, one each in Afghanistan, Thailand and Vietnam.
在公布這個新種後發現，它大量的種子散佈在任何有棕櫚生長的聚落。它成為一個非常珍貴的觀賞植物。這個新物種跟馬達加斯加其他200多種棕櫚沒有任何親緣關係，但它只跟三個屬有關係，其中一種是分布在阿富汗，泰國和越南。
Tahina palm photo credit Kew Gardens / John Dransfield.
Tahina palm photo credit Kew Gardens / John Dransfield.
Tahina palm photo credit Kew Gardens / John Dransfield.
10.Bacteria in Hairspray Discovered by Japanese Scientists 日本科學家發現髮膠裡有住細菌
Who would have thought that hairspray can be contaminated with microbacteria? Japanese scientists have discovered a new species of bacteria that can survive in hairspray. It has been named Microbacterium hatanonis in honor of Dr. Kazunori Hatano, a prominent researcher in the field of microbacteria.
誰會想到髮膠會被微生物污染?日本科學發現一種細菌可以存活在髮型噴霧中。
Photo credit Arizona State University / Erik Holsinger
世界上還有很多有趣的東西沒有被發現吧?!
呵呵
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